Sleep apnia Essay Example For Students

Rest apnia Essay Rest ApneaSleep is basic to life; it is one of a few parts, including food and water, which keep the living alive. Nonetheless, a critical level of the human populace has significant trouble coming to and keeping up Stage IV inside their dozing designs, the phase that permits the brain and body to fall into a profound and therapeutic rest, also called REM rest. At the center of this trouble is a condition known as obstructive rest apnea, a genuine, possibly perilous condition that is undeniably more typical than for the most part comprehended (Sleep Apnea). Without a doubt, obstructive rest apnea can be exceptionally perilous in the event that it isn't appropriately recognized and rewarded. What is Sleep Apnea? Examination discoveries show that almost eighteen million Americans endure with the hazardous and depleting impacts of rest apnea, in which certain mechanical and basic issues in the aviation route cause the breaks in breathing during rest (Sleep Apnea). It is significant for the understudy to realize that indications of a potential issue incorporate uproarious wheezing, heftiness, hypertension and a physical blockage of the nose, throat or upper aviation route. Its pervasiveness seems, by all accounts, to be hereditary somewhat; in any case, its appearance in overweight patients likewise demonstrates that its sythesis is established in both hereditary qualities and condition. Rest apnea happens in two separate modes: focal and obstructive, with focal rest apnea being less regular between the two. The cerebrum neglects to impart appropriate signs to the breathing muscles as a methods by which to begin breaths during rest in focal rest apnea. Obstructive rest apnea, then again, is fundamentally progressively Common, coming to pass exactly when air is discouraged from streaming into or out of the nose or mouth, described by monotonous scenes of upper aviation route obstacle that happen during rest, normally connected with a decrease in blood oxygen immersion (Obstructive Sleep Apnea). It is significant for the understudy to realize that an apneic occasion may occur up to twenty or thirty times each hour here and there much more followed by a prominent scene of wheezing. Critical to note is simply the way that wheezing, all by itself, isn't characteristic of rest apnea; rather, it is nevertheless one obvious manifestation (Sleep Apnea). Rest apnea may happen during the innate unwinding related with rest, when the tongue and throat muscles mellow and definitely hinder the aviation route. This unwinding goes much further when the delicate sense of taste muscles and uvula (plump tissue) list over the aviation route too, making the toiled and loud (Sleep Apnea) so promptly connected with the condition. It is significant for the understudy to realize that there are times when this blockage makes breathing stop completely. Strangely, the individuals who endure with rest apnea don't understand it, while someone else commonly hears the frightening commotions and recommends that there is an issue. The victim may show visit scenes of nodding off at work, providing work relates the insight, too. Individuals with rest apnea for the most part arent even mindful they have an issue and may not trust it when told (Sleep Apnea). Because of the fact that rest apnea is possibly dangerous, it is basic that the victim looks for guaranteed finding and treatm ent. Early acknowledgment and treatment of obstructive rest apnea is a basic advance not just in getting a progressively soothing evenings rest, yet additionally in dodging the expected entanglements of sporadic heartbeat, hypertension, coronary episode and stroke. Rest apnea is increasingly common in men and youthful African-Americans; in any case, it has been analyzed during all life stages. It is significant for the understudy to realize that accomplishing legitimate analysis of obstructive rest apnea incorporates conference with an essential consideration doctor, pulmonologist, nervous system specialist as well as other extraordinarily prepared doctor so as to acquire a complete conclusion and start fitting treatment. In spite of the fact that diagnosing obstructive rest apnea is certainly not an essentially simple assignment, while there are heap different purposes behind erratic rest, present day medication has conceived a progression of tests performed at rest focuses that ar e intended to successfully assess the degree to which rest apnea is the reason (Sleep Apnea). Media Violence EssayWORKS CITEDMini Tracheotomy More Tolerable Treatment For Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea. 19 November 2000http://geocities.com/HotSprings/1837/minitrach.htmlMurray, John B. Childrens dreams. Diary of Genetic Psychology 156, (1995): 303(10). Obstructive Sleep Apnea. 19 November 2000 http://www.asda.org/Sleep Apnea. 19 November 2000 http://www.4woman.org/faq/apnea.htmSuratt PM; et al. Changes in breathing and the pharynx after weight reduction in obstructive rest apnea. Chest 92 (1987): 631-637. Weck, Egon. Why arent you sleeping yet? A sleep time story. FDA Consumer 23, October 1989: 12(4). Willi, Steven M.; et al. The impacts of a high-protein, low-fat ketogenic diet on youths with grim heftiness: body creation, blood sciences, and rest variations from the norm. Pediatrics 101, (1998): 61.

what i think about psychology Essays - Freudian Psychology

Brain science is one of my preferred courses that I am taking this semester. Prior to taking this course, I thought it was a course intended to show individuals how to manage patients with emotional wellness issues. Obviously I presently know better. Section one was the most noteworthy to me since it shed an entirely different light into what I thought was Human Growth and Development. After each class, I see the truth of what I have quite recently learned in class. A large portion of the parts we examined were exceptionally intriguing to me. Every one of these parts conveyed peculiar and distinctive data that invigorated my considerations about the future, past, and even what is occurring in my life directly at the time I was learning. It was an impression of all the organic, physical, intellectual, socio-social procedures that have occurred in my life time and of which a few, of the qualities will stop, change, and vacillate as I get more established. The one thing that I would do to improve the manner in which this course is instructed is to go on class field outings to a psychological ward at the medical clinic. What I think would improve understudy communication in this course is to have bunch class ventures. The rule that I learned in this course I intend to apply is to have a go at perusing individuals circumstances and mental limits somewhat better. Since at my specific employment I experience a ton of characters and individuals with a ton of dysfunctional behavior. The significant that I seeking after is Computer Information System at Calhoun Community College. This course will help me in my PC field to adjust to a ton of upsetting circumstances that I may experience at work. In the event that I was a clinical analyst in China I would need to comprehend that it may be against their religion to finding a patient it may make a family become pariah in the city. So I wouldn?t successfully cause a family anguish or hardship while I?m treating their relative. In spite of the fact that I delighted in all the parts we have concentrated up until this point, section one is the section I will jump at the chance to appreciate. In this section, I will illuminate the Freudian phases of improvement. As indicated by Freud, individuals create through five psychosexual stages in which the focal point of delight changes. These stages are Oral stage, butt-centric stage, phallic stage, dormancy stage, and the genital stage individually. Every one of these stages has a one of a kind locale of the body that kids center around the mouth, butt-centric stage; kid delight centers around the rear-end, phallic stage; child?s joy relies upon the genital, just to express a couple. This is engaging me since I have seen reality of this announcement somewhat in my two children. In spite of the reality this hypothesis has been amended by various psychoanalytic scholars that came out with a similarity which express that Freud place more accentuation on sexual nature w ithout in regards to social experience of an individual turn of events. I despite everything notice a few bits of truth in his hypothesis in my children. Taking everything into account, I am pleased to state that this course has been in excess of a great deal learning experience for me. It animated another perspective in me and made me mindful of my absence of instinctive and unique pondering the world and its occupants. From the start it was hard for me to comprehend why certain practices, qualities are impossible to miss to a specific age gathering, degrees in sight, hearing in adulthood yet with this course I have come to learn and welcome these distinctions. It has given me data that will assist me with interpretting and examine circumstances that will tag along in my life in a more sensible way than previously. I truly loved this class. I am as yet stunned and astonished at how loose and pleasant and improving the class has been for me.

Hit the Books! - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Hit the Books! - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Hit the Books! It is that time of year when I start to transition from entering UGA freshman and current transfer applicants to the next group of students, those who will be looking at UGA for 2012. And as I normally do at this time of year, I want to get on my soapbox and focus on reading. Yes, that type of hitting the books! As my two children can attest to, I am a book lover, and I do my best to make sure they both have at least one book that they are currently reading. My son just finished with one of my favorite books, The Power of One by Bryce Courtenay, and my daughter is currently reading Virals by Kathy Reichs. As well, the wonderful world of summer reading lists will be out soon, and I am guessing it will mean a summer filled with To Kill a Mockingbird for my son (along with a few others), and we will wait to see about my daughters list. Why do I post this on my blog? Why do I push reading? If you want to do better in your English classes, write better, have a stronger SAT Critical Reading, stronger SAT Writing, communicate better, etc, one great way to do this is to dig into books. Read across the spectrum, from non-fiction to thrillers to sci-fi, but no matter what, read! There are a number of other things that a student can do to prepare themselves for college, but this is by far the most available and easiest ones around. So go to your public library, download the latest Nook book, borrow a great novel from a neighbor, but no matter what, read! Alright, now I can climb off my soapbox. And just so you know, the next book I am suggesting for my rising HS freshman son is A Prayer for Owen Meany by John Irving, a wonderful book that I am planning on re-reading this summer as well (for probably the fourth time). Any suggestions from the blog audience?

What Is Time Management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1412 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/31 Category Management Essay Level High school Topics: Time Management Essay Did you like this example? Background What is time management? Time management is a short-range planning, time attitude, long-range planning on academic performance. Unfortunately, there are many temptations around us so that we cannot finish our goal on time. Time management plays a vital role in improving a studentrs academic performance. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What Is Time Management?" essay for you Create order According to Zhang and RiCharde, 1998, the top three reasons why students drop out of college are the inability to handle stress, lack of commitment, and the realization of the gap between expectations and college realities. As a student in MMU, we like to carry out a study about the impact of time management in academic achievement. From our studies, we found some of the impacts of time management which is the student will have a proper planning, their stress level would be reduced, the student will be more self-efficiency. First, the student would have a proper planning and time management, which is support by Patton (2012). McFadden and Dart, 1992 who reported an influence of total study time on expected grade outcome, support this belief. Some of the MMU students are having a part-time job after their classes, therefore, the amount of total study time will be reduced. It is commonly assumed that students who spent more time studying will receive much better grades than students who have only limited time to study. Due to part-time working job students are suffering from lack of study time, their grades are expected to be lower. Previous studies, which was study by Nonis and Hudson, 2006 and Strauss et al., 2002, explored the relationship between the number of hours worked per week and college students academic. Students often thought that the amount of time they have spent for studying and doing homework will decide whether they will receive good grades or not because they tend to focus on how long they studied instead of how well they remembered the subject or material. Gose, 1998 reported that 39 per cent of college freshman are working 16 hours or more per week, and projected annual increases in the number of students who work while attending school. Nonis and Hudson, 2006 suggested that professors might be expecting less from students in order for them to fulfil multiple requirements and meet good grades. However, the relationship between the amount of time dedicated to working and academic performance is not always clear. Nonis and Hudson, 2006 found no clear influence between hours spent on working and GPA outcomes. Similarly, Light (2001) explored the relationship between workload and grades among college students and found that students who work more hours per week reported higher g rades. Besides that, a good time management can cut the level of stress. If students were too stressed, it can interfere with their ability to interpret and memorize the knowledge that they learnt in their studies as well as achieving a good result in their academic. Schuler (1979) stated that people that have a greater perception of their time and responsibilities are more likely to be less stress. Struthers (2000) shows that the emotional strain and tension causes by college can affect the academic performance among undergraduate. The ability to prioritization of task can keep the studentrs mind from being consumed by stress and the feelings of overwhelmed when studying. By knowing that the students are able to control their time sufficiently can lower the amount of unhealthy stress they felt during the progress of their tasks. Bond and Feather, (1988) stated that these type of students tends to have less psychological issues and involve in all kinds of activities such as clubs or sports. Brown (1985) found that student with a higher perception of time management can increase their concentration on the given task and the amount of time they needed to be spent on each task. Quek (2001) stated that some people, especially the student, face the problem in fighting the urge to procrastinate all their works when they did not have the schedule or strict deadlines on each task. As a result, they are often easy to divert their attention to the distractions around them, preventing them from completing the specific task, and thus increasing the level of stress. Reducing the level of stress can increase the motivation among students that influence greatly in a positive way on their overall academic performance. Furthermore, the time management skill will directly influence students self-efficiency toward their studies. Self-efficiency as a student is the student is able to do their tasks on time, and they could perceive their control over tasks. Previous studies show that decreased stress results in increased self-efficacy. Self-efficacy as ones belief in ones ability to succeed in specific situations or do a task. According to Eccles et al. (1998), student self-efficacy represents their ability to complete tasks well based on how well they perceive control over their tasks. For example, if students have a greater sense of confidence, then they will feel more motivated to complete academic-related tasks with a stronger overall performance. Self-efficacy is often referred to as a strong predictor of higher GPAs among college students which supported by Brown et al., 1989, Hackett et al., 1992, Landy et al., 1991, Miche et al., 2001. An earlier study by Sandler (2000a) suggested self-efficacy as a stronger predictor of student intentions to stay in school than stress because it has a more positive impact on academic performance. In a similar study, Deci et al. (1991) reported that once they have a clear idea of their goals, students can set up measurable objectives to achieve each goal. Chemers et al. (2001) suggest students are more motivated to accomplish tasks associated with achieving their goals, and students who have a higher self-efficacy perceive stressful tasks as challenges than obstacles. Therefore, they possess a greater confidence in their academic performance, which results in an increase in student motivation. As a short conclusion, the time management influence the student, to have a proper planning, and time management to avoid distress becomes imperative, the student will feel lesser stress and the student will be more self-efficiency. Reference Of Terms This report is to study the impact of time management to academic achievement. Our PWC1010 lecture, had requested this report in 20th November 2018 and we start our research at the 2nd week after our topic was approved by our lecture. We need to submit this report in week 14 of trimester 2, 2018 2019 session. Our group is formed by 5 people, which is Chong Feng Bin (1151105476), Seek Chang Yuan (1151105385), Mohamad Syafiq Bin Nasaruddin (1161102250), Nur Afrina Binti Che Azhar (1161101877) and Sim Shan Chuan (1151100486). Purpose The purpose of this report is: to determine the habit of arranging time among student in MMU identity the impact of the time management to the student in academic performance to train the habit of time management to the student in MMU Scope The study aims to determine the comparison to academic achievement among students in Multimedia University Malacca (MMU). The sample of population that are chosen for this study are the Multimedia University Malaccars engineering students, male and female of all races such as Malay, Chinese, Indian and other races. There are more male students than female students that participate in this research because of the number of the male that enrolled in engineering course is larger than the female. The reason is also applied to why the number of Chinese student is more than the other races in this study. The study will takes place in Multimedia University Malacca due to the main purpose of this study is focusing among engineering student in Multimedia University Malacca. The collection of data that are required for this research will be starting from week 5 until week 6. Method The method of data collection that we will be using in this research is survey method. We will be preparing the self- admistered survey questionnaires for our primary data collection. This survey will be carried out in MMU Malacca and we will randomly pick 50 engineering student to help us to complete the questionnaire. Every races will be helping us to complete the survey because we need to know the habit of time management among between different personality, different background etc. The questionnaire will be distribute around FET building in the data collection week. Our group have five member, so each of us will have 10 sheets of questionnaire forms. The forms will be conduct face to face to the person who is doing the survey. This is because we need to confirm our questionnaire could be collect and analyze immediately. Besides that, we will used some of the ideas and information from journals, scientific article to prepare our survey question.

Welcome to the Monkey House, Harrison Bergeron, and...

Kurt Vonnegut was a man of disjointed ideas, as is expressed through the eccentric protagonists that dominate his works. Part cynic and part genius, Kurt Vonnegut’s brilliance as a satirist derives from the deranged nature of the atrocities he had witnessed in his life. The reason Vonnegut’s satire is so popular and works so well is because Vonnegut had personal ties to all the elements that he lambasted in his works. Vonnegut’s experience as a soldier in WWII during firebombing of Dresden corrupted his mind and enabled him to express the chaotic reality of war, violence, obsession, sex and government in a raw and personal manner. Through three works specifically, â€Å"Welcome to the Monkey House,† â€Å"Harrison Bergeron,† and Slaughterhouse-five,†¦show more content†¦Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else. All this equality was due to the 211th, 212th, and 213th Amendments to the Constitution, and to the unceasing vigilance of agents of the United States Handicapper General.† (Harrison Bergeron, 1.) The idea behind this opening paragraph is to show how ridiculous government powers have become, as well as warn people that governments are increasingly taking over the freedom and personal attributes of the individual. The same argument and ridicule can be found expressed in the short story â€Å"Welcome to the Monkey House.† Vonnegut introduces the absurd control the government has over the individual in the fictitious society by stating â€Å"So the world government was making a two-pronged attack on overpopulation. One pronging was the encouragement of ethical suicide, which consisted of going to the nearest Suicide Parlor and asking the Hostess to kill you painlessly while you lay on a Barcalounger. The other pronging was compulsory ethical birth control.† (Welcome to the Monkey House, 30.) As a satirist, Vonnegut goes where others don’t dare; he satirizes the future in a cauti onary manner to express concern for the possibility of future government power. Sex is another element Vonnegut satirizes. Perhaps not to caution, but to reveal the twisted ways in which our current society treats sex. No doubt seen in every form of media and in every war, this theme can be found in Slaughterhouse-five andShow MoreRelated`` Harrison Bergeron `` By Kurt Vonnegut1875 Words   |  8 Pagesequal in every which way. Nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else† (Vonnegut 864). In the futuristic short story, â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† written by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. illustrates a government implemented law of equality forced upon a society. Vonnegut a social commentator utilizes satirical events in the story to illustrate irrational thoughts and ideas from society. Satire is a special form of literature that

MM Theory or Capital Structure Irrelevancy Theory Free Essays

string(60) " positive effect on performance of firms in Nigeria and US\." Modigliani and Miller (1958) stated that MM theory also known as capital structure irrelevancy theory. It stated that financial leverage does not affect the firm’s value in perfect market because without taxes, transactions cost or bankruptcy costs in perfect market and all information are symmetries. (Faruk Ahmeti and Burim Prenaj, 2015) Thus, value of levered firm is same as the value of unlevered firm (Abeywardhana, 2017; Michael, 2017) and financial leverage is direct proposition to cost of equity which risk increase commensurate with high cost of equity. We will write a custom essay sample on MM Theory or Capital Structure Irrelevancy Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, world without taxes were impossible in reality so Modigliani and Miller (1963) introduced Tradeoff Theory of Leverage which emphasised firm’s value increase with leverage in presence of taxes due to tax shield. (Alifani et al., 2013; Borad, 2018) When debt percentage in capital structure increases, WACC can be decreased (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2010) because interest payment of debt is tax deductible. As a result, ratio of corporate tax is equal to current value of savings from taxes due to WACC decrease whereas firm’s value will increase but high debt may cause high probability in bankruptcy. As we can see that, Ireka’s debt to equity in year 2017 has increased from 13% to 20% in order to deduct more tax from its debt’s interest payment. Thus, WACC can be reduced by issuing more debt and Ireka’s value was increasing as well. However, Ireka’s high degree financial leverage (DFL) is higher than its leader company of industry-Gamuda. Therefore, it caused increasing in bankruptcy cost due to its debt are unable to covered by its total assets. Pecking Order Theory is suggested by Donaldson but modified by Myers and Majluf in 1984. Myers and Majluf (1984) stated that pecking order assumes target capital structure is absence and managers rely on internal funds before they consider issuing any securities (Abosede, Adebiyi Julius, 2012) because managers have more insider information than investors and benefit old shareholders. Some company with less accounting transparency will have high asymmetry of information because investors may not know all information about the firm and caused high risk in company. Information of asymmetries, scrutiny of suppliers of capital and floatation costs can be prevented by using retained earnings to support investment opportunities (Li-Ju Chen and Shun-Yu Chen, 2011) unless its retained earnings is not enough to support the investment. If external funds are required, debt will be chosen before equity to avoid selling under-priced securities and cost of debt is less than equity. (B.T Matemilola and A.N. Bany-Ariffin, 2011) Ireka had retained earning in year 2015 which is RM13,732,811 so Ireka use its internal fund to expand business and support investments but Ireka did not have any retained earnings in year 2016 and 2017. Ireka had accumulated loss in year 2016 and 2017 which is – RM 30,949,239 and -RM 26,754,578 respectively. Thus, Ireka will prefer to issue more debt in year 2016 to raise its source of capital instead of equity because debt’s cost is lower than equity and ownership of Ireka will not be diluted due to bondholder without voting right. Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is developed by William Sharpe (1964) and John Lintner (1965). CAPM attempts to describe the relationship between the investment risk and the investment expected return in order to decide a suitable price for the investment. (Eugene et al., 2004; Yang, 2013) CAPM is an integral part of WACC as CAPM used to calculate cost of equity (David W, 1982; CFI, 2018) and a project-specific discount rate to use in investment appraisal. CAPM-derived project-specific discount rate is used and caused the project IRR lies below the SML of the CAPM. (ACCA, 2018) Thus, project IRR offers insufficient return to compensate for its level of systematic risk. Hence, project unable to generate profit that can cover its it cost so the profitability of firm will be affected and decrease shareholder’s wealth. Ireka’s rate of return on sales showed that it decreased from -0.57 to -15.03 in 2016. Not only that, ROA and ROE also decrease very much in 2016 due to slow efficient of total assets turnover and receivable turnover. The decrease in total assets turnover and receivable turnover lead to insufficient of fund and profitability issues. Ireka’s inefficient investment in construction projects will cause decrease in sales and directly lower down the profit. The beta of CAPM increase and investors will feel risky, so cost of equity will increase as well due to investors expect more return to compensate the risk. Therefore, high cost of equity will increase the WACC but low IRR unable to cover the WACC so Ireka has profitability issues. Osuji and Odita (2012) studied the effects of capital structure on the financial performance of Nigerian organisations and companies’ capital structure had strongly negative related on firm’s financial performance. (Zeitun et al. ,2007; Omorogie at al., 2010) Not only that, a negative correlation between capital structure and firm performance in US and UK corporation. (Abeywardhana and Krishanthi, 2016) Thus, the higher the capital structure, the poorer the financial performance of firm in developing countries and developed countries. However, Abor (2005) and Saeedi et al. (2011) argued that capital structure has positive relationship with ROA which proxy the firms’ performance in Ghana and Tehran. Effect of capital structure and financial leverage on the performance of Jordanian firms and Canadian firms showed that capital structure was negatively associated with firm performance. (Soumadi et al., 2011; Gill et al., 2011) but it also found that there was no significant difference between high financial leverage and low financial leverage on firm performance. Thus, firms with lower leverage performs better thereby supporting the pecking order theory from the point of view that profitable firms use their earnings to finance their new projects and in so doing reduce their level of debt. However, financial leverage of firm in developed and developing countries will not affect the company profit due to the result show it has insignificant relationship. (Obehioye et al., 2013) On the other hand, some studies argued that financial leverage is has significant positive effect on performance of firms in Nigeria and US. You read "MM Theory or Capital Structure Irrelevancy Theory" in category "Papers" (Gill et al., 2011; Akhtar, et al., 2012; Akinmulegun, 2012) Therefore, it can be indicated that financial leverage will impact the profitability of firms in developing countries and developed countries as well. As we know that, steel is one of the main raw material that used in construction so price of steel play significant role in the cost of the construction project. China as the leader in steel production and China decided to shift away its economy from manufacturing to services in last year. (General Steel, 2018) Thus, China announced that production of steel will decrease more than 165 million tons by 2020 (Lapo et al, 2018) and this will affect the price of steel increases rapidly due to demand exceed supply. World Steel Association stated the price of steel will be increased 8% due to a prediction increase in global steel demand up to 0.5%. As Ireka is a construction and engineering company, all the cost of construction projects will increase due to the increase in global price of steel. Steel can consider as a fixed cost because steel is the main raw material of construction so expenses will increase and profit will decrease slightly. As a consequence, Ireka need to invest in a higher IRR projects to cover the cost or else it will affect the profitability and liquidity of Ireka. Besides that, economy of Malaysia able to affect the real estate price and construction industry. In the past two years, economy of Malaysia was slowing down and ringgit is depreciating due to the high debt and scandal of 1MDB. (Lim, 2016) As the house prices continue to rise, demand for house is dropping. Hence, property transactions and building construction activities are slowing down dramatically. However, economy start to recover and ringgit will start to appreciating again after the election of 2018. Valuation and Property Services Department (JPPH) stated that residential property transactions improved about 4% compared to last year. (Mahalingam, 2018) As economy grow, interest rate falls and demand for properties will increase due to easy to obtain mortgage loan. High demand in properties will encourage Ireka to construct and develop more residential projects. This will increase the revenue and share price of Ireka. Moreover, growth of industry also will affect Ireka Corporation by increasing in constructing more mega projects. The Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) expected the booming in construction industry in 2018 with the real growth at 9% on the back of Malaysia’s overall GDP growth of 5.3%. (Bernama, 2018) Construction industry’s growth was driven by infrastructure project and follow by residential project and these project will brings positive growth in construction industry then boost the economy. (The Star, 2017) There are numerous mega projects has developed in Malaysia such as Mass Rapid Transit 2 (MRT2), Pan Borneo Highway and Petroliam Nasional Bhd’s refinery and petrochemical. Ireka Corporation also affected by the growth of construction sector which Ireka had bid for a few projects that worth RM1.2 billion. Current construction order book includes Imperia Puteri Harbour in Nusajaya, Johor and MRT Package V7. Ireka Corporation is one of the subcontractors of the MRT project which built from Bandar Tun Hussein Onn to Taman Mesra. According to research analyst InsiderAsia, Ireka’s next major catalyst will be the condominium and RuMa hotel residences project at Jalan Kia Peng in the KLCC area. (The Edge, 2013) This will increase the revenue of Ireka and the stock price may increased as well due to anticipated by the investor towards the future development of the company. Ireka should improve collection of accounts receivable to reduce high financial leverage ratio because prevent risk of bankruptcy. Ireka should communicate with customers about the period of time to make payments and both parties agree to make payment in a certain time. Ireka may implements new policy and regulations where Ireka will give some discount to customers if customers pay their bills within 2 months. Ireka also should remind the customers before the payment date to prevent become bad debt and follow up with customers in order to keep track of the payment of customers. Besides that, Ireka should restructuring debt to reduce the debt to equity ratio. (Maverick, 2018) Company can seek to refinance its existing debt if firm is paying high interest rates on its loans. This will reduce both interest expenses and improve company’s bottom-line profitability. As a result, liabilities can be decreased and capital of investors can be use to invest other assets. One of the strategies to improve profitability of the firm is create business strategies plan and financial plan. Ireka should refer to leader company of industry as a benchmark revenue because the leader company provide a blueprint and strategies to increase the profit. (Amos et al., 2009) Thus, Ireka should amend strategies plan of leader company according to its current situation and include a minimum five-year outlook strategies plan with short and long-term goal. As a construction company, most of its revenue is from project-based so it is crucial to have a clear vision about the type of most profitable projects for its bottom-line growth. Therefore, Ireka need to analyse projects and give up 10% of unprofitable projects in strategic plan so capital. (In.Corp, 2018). Thus, Ireka also should created financial plan so budget of firm can be monitored. Ireka should develop a cost accounting system such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) to determine the rate of required return of projects. This allows Project Managers (PMs) to adjust budget and actual cost on time. (Torrance, 2013) Budget able to keep track on its expense and reduce the unnecessary expenses. Budget also need to be reviewed monthly in order to remain aligned with growth of business. As a result, the profit of firm can be maximized in long-term. Furthermore, Ireka can increase its profit by expanding its market at developing countries such as Indonesia, China and Japan. Ireka enter into joint venture or strategic alliances with their suppliers or customers to market each other’s products. Ireka had joint venture with Beijing-based CRRC Urban Traffic Co Ltd into urban rail projects and they signed share subscription agreement which Ireka holding 51% and CRRC UT holding 49%. (Eusoff, 2017) Ireka partner with CRRC UT to explore more business opportunities in areas of logistics, building materials and specific rail projects. Joint venture able to provide more opportunities to Ireka and reduce the uncertainty risk in the sector that are not familiar by Ireka. Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) is another important strategy because CSR able to motivate employees by providing extra training and workshop. Ireka should spend extra time to train and educate its employees in order to increase ability and skills of employees.(Pajo and Lee, 2011; Jones et al., 2014) As a result, employees understand the expectation of firm and become more productive. Although training may increase expenses of Ireka but company can operate well in long-term and increase reputation in return. Furthermore, reward and compensation will encourage and increase motivation of employees.(Caligiuri et al., 2013; Glavas and Kelley, 2014) Ireka should reward employees who have outstanding performance in company by providing promotion or bonus. When employees get rewarded, employees will work harder and increasing the work-ethic within company. As a consequence, high productivity will affect improve profitability and maximised the shareholder’s wealth in long term. Net income will affect retained earning significantly so Ireka should increasing the liquidity by having an effective asset management. Ireka should sell off idle assets and increase the efficiency of assets to generate profit. (Fernandez, 2006) Assets will be depreciated so sell off not useful assets to decrease the losses. Besides that, inventory can take up a very sizable amount of a company’s working capital so Ireka should evaluate their efficiency of inventory being managed which monitor the days sales of inventory ratio (DSI) by reordering inventory when firm are nearing redline level of available and the cash conversion cycle (CCC). (Morah, 2018) In additional, cost of gold sold should be reduced by decreasing the cost of raw material and labour cost. Labour cost can be reduced by outsourcing and replace with part-time workers. As cost and expense decrease, more profit can be generated if assets are fully utilised. As consequence, Ireka’s cash flow is more liquid and retained earning can be increased. How to cite MM Theory or Capital Structure Irrelevancy Theory, Papers

Costing system of Solar Power Company

Question: Discuss about the Costing system of Solar Power Company. Answer: Introduction Management accounting or costing is being used in the business to determine the cost of manufacturing the products and to know what cast has been occurred to produce per unit of product. Costing help the management to know the overhead cost of production and how these costs can be divided in the product cost so that proper profits can be determined. Mainly there are two major costing systems used to divide the product or service cost, namely traditional costing system and other one is Activity Based Costing System (Besley and Brigham, 2008). In this report Costing system of Solar Power Company (SPC) will be evaluated in detail and recommendations will be provided to improve their costing system. Currently SPC uses traditional costing system to allocate their overheads and to calculate per unit costing. Company is in view to change the system of costing so that proper profit can be divided among panel A and panel B. Use of Activity Based Costing System over traditional or current costing system Conventional or traditional costing system assigns the costs to the different products on the basis of average overhead rate. For example, labor hr rate can be used to assign the overheads costs to the products. According to this system all the indirect costs used in the production or administration are divided equally amount all products irrespectively such products are being part of particular indirect cost. On the other hand activity based costing system, firstly identifies all the activities in the process of production and appropriate cost driver is being used to find out cost pool of activities. ABC system divides the overhead cost according to activity being used in manufacturing the particular product. It helps in identifying the actual cost of product and profit earned during the period (Friedman, 2009). In this report, both traditional and ABC costing system is being used to find out the profits of panel A and panel B, in order to make comments on how accurate the activity based costing is to allocate the overhead cost in panel A and panel B. Calculations are performed on the given product cost data and per unit product cost has been calculated using both traditional costing system and activity based costing system. There has been noted wide difference in method of costing and per unit product cost of panel A and panel B. When traditional or current costing method has been used to calculate the per unit product cost than cost of panel A occur to be $14.75 and cost of panel B occurs to $ 30.00 per unit. This cost has been arrived through allocating the prime cost and per unit overhead cost to both panel A and panel B. The overhead rate has been calculated using the labor hour rate. Through using the activity based costing system it has been found that per unit cost of panel A was $21.50 and that of panel B was $ 25.50. This difference in per unit cost arrives due to proper allocation of each overhead cost when arriving at total cost occurred for panel A and panel B. While estimating the per unit product cost of panel A and panel B using the ABC costing all the overhead costs are divided among the panels as according to their usage of particular activity in their manufacturing process. When calculating the net profit for both the categories of products according to reign through using the current costing method, it has been found that net profit in southern reign for the panels is $13,199.40 and in northern reign it is $4,572.00. On the other hand, when estimating the profits of both the panels for each reign through using the activity based costing it has been found that net profit for southern reign was $17,559.67 and for northern reign it was $212.33. This difference was due to proper allocation of activity cost in each product in activity based costing system (Pratt, 2003). On the other hand in traditional costing system all allocations have been using the labor hour rate. Wrong Decision made by management while using the current costing method It has been found that management has using the traditional costing system to allocate all the overhead cost in both the products. Prime costs are divided directly using the usage of labor hours and raw materials in each products (Drury, 2005). In case of overheads cost all the costs are sum up and are divided using the labor hours used by each product in their manufacturing process. This costing process ignores the actual usage of different activities by each product. Limitations of using the Activity Based Costing System It has seen that there have been many limitations while adopting the activity based costing system. Firstly, it is very expensive to implement the activity based costing system as against using the traditional costing method. In case of activity based costing system there is requirement to breakdown all the business process into activities and division of each activity has to be made according to the usage by each product. It requires huge time and manpower to make such allocation of each activity (Bierman and Smidt, 2007). Conclusion It has been found that while using the activity based costing system, proper allocation of all the cost has been made. Division of cost using the activity based costing system gives actual net profit earned in each reign and it helps to focus on reign that provides low profits. While using the traditional costing all the overhead cost is dividing on single recovery rate and it provide wrong results. It is highly recommended to the SPC Company to use the ABC costing for division of overhead cost. References Besley, S. and Brigham, E. F. 2008. Essentials of Managerial Finance. Cengage Learning. Bierman, H., and Smidt, S. 2007. The Capital Budgeting Decision, Ninth Edition: Economic Analysis of Investment Projects. Routledge. Drury, C. 2005. Management Accounting for Business Decisions. Cengage Learning EMEA. Friedman, M. 2009. Price Theory. Transaction Publishers. Pratt, S. P. 2003. Cost of Capital: Estimation and Applications. John Wiley Sons.